PASETO |
OAuth 2.0 is a widely used protocol for delegated
authorization, while PASETO (Platform-Agnostic Security Tokens) is an emerging
alternative to JWTs (JSON Web Tokens) designed with a focus on simplicity and
robust security.
Combining OAuth 2.0 with PASETO tokens involves replacing
JWTs with PASETO as the token format for transmitting authorization data.
Here's an overview and a practical approach to using OAuth 2.0 with PASETO
tokens:
Why Use PASETO with OAuth 2.0?
- Simplicity:
PASETO avoids common pitfalls of JWTs (e.g., insecure algorithms).
- Built-in
Security: PASETO uses modern cryptographic primitives, ensuring safe
defaults.
- Compatibility:
While not natively supported by all OAuth 2.0 libraries, it can be
integrated with minor modifications.
Key Concepts
- Access
Token: Generated by the OAuth 2.0 Authorization Server (AS), signed
using PASETO.
- Refresh
Token: Optional; allows obtaining a new access token without
reauthentication.
- Scopes:
Permissions granted by the token.
OAuth 2.0 and PASETO tokens primarily rely on cryptographic
operations rather than traditional mathematical formulas. However, the
underlying cryptographic algorithms, such as signing, encryption, and key
derivation, use mathematical principles. Here's a breakdown of the relevant
math-based operations:
1. PASETO Token Structure
PASETO tokens consist of a header and a payload. The
cryptographic operations can be represented as formulas depending on the token
type:
Signed Token (v2.public)
For a signed token, the Authorization Server (AS) generates
a token using a signing key:
$$T=Base64(H∥Payload∥Signature)$$
Where:
Ø H:
Header (e.g., version and purpose)
Ø Payload:
JSON-encoded data (claims)
Ø Signature:
Digital signature:
$$Signature = Sign_{privateKey}(H∥Payload)$$
The Sign operation often uses Ed25519:
Signature=r+s⋅privateKey mod n
Where r and s are ephemeral values, and n is the curve's
order.
Encrypted Token (v2.local)
For an encrypted token, the payload is encrypted and
encoded:
$$T=Base64(H∥Nonce∥Ciphertext)$$
Where:
Ø H:
Header
Ø Nonce:
Random value ensuring uniqueness
Ø Ciphertext:
Encrypted payload:
$$Ciphertext=Encrypt_{key}(Payload,Nonce)$$
Encryption uses XChaCha20-Poly1305:
$$Ciphertext=ChaCha20_{k,n}(m)+Poly1305_{k,n}(m)$$
Where k is the encryption key, n is the nonce, and m is the
message.
2. OAuth 2.0 Integration with PASETO
In OAuth 2.0, tokens issued by the AS encode claims (e.g.,
user ID, expiration time). PASETO ensures the token is securely signed or
encrypted.
Token Issuance
Claims (e.g., C) are included in the payload:
Payload={"sub":"user123","exp":now+3600,"aud":"client−id"}
The AS signs/encrypts the payload to produce a PASETO token:
$$AccessToken=PASETO(H,Payload,key)$$
Token Validation
The Resource Server (RS) validates the token:
- For Signed Tokens:$$Verify(Signature,H∥Payload,publicKey)=true$$
- For
Encrypted Tokens:
$$Decrypt(Ciphertext,key)=Payload$$
The server then extracts claims to validate:
$$Valid\Leftrightarrow now \lt \text{exp} \land
\text{aud}=expectedAudience$$
3. Summary of Key Operations
Ø Signing: \(Signature=Sign_{privateKey}(H∥Payload)\)
Ø Encryption:
\(Ciphertext=Encrypt_{key}(Payload,Nonce)\)
Ø Validation:
\( Valid\Leftrightarrow now \lt \text{exp} \land \text{aud}=expectedAudience\)
These formulas ensure secure and verifiable tokens within
the OAuth 2.0 framework.
Steps to Integrate OAuth 2.0 with PASETO Tokens
1. Setup Authorization Server (AS)
Ø Use
an OAuth 2.0 library or framework supporting extensibility for custom token
formats.
Ø Implement
token generation using PASETO instead of JWT.
Example Code for Token Generation (Java):
java
import
dev.paseto.Paseto; import
dev.paseto.Token; import
dev.paseto.keys.KeyPair; import
java.time.Instant; public class
PasetoTokenGenerator { public static void main(String[] args) { // Generate a key pair for signing KeyPair keyPair = KeyPair.generate(); // Define token payload Token token =
Paseto.V2.LOCAL.builder()
.setAudience("example-client")
.setIssuer("https://auth.example.com")
.setExpiration(Instant.now().plusSeconds(3600)) // 1 hour expiry .set("scope",
"read write")
.setSubject("user123") .build(); // Sign and serialize the token String signedToken =
Paseto.V2.SIGN.local(token, keyPair.getPrivateKey()); System.out.println("Generated
PASETO Token: " + signedToken); } } |
2. Token Validation
Ø The
Resource Server (RS) should validate incoming PASETO tokens.
Ø Use
PASETO libraries to verify token signatures and ensure claims validity (e.g.,
expiration, audience).
Validation Example:
java
package
com.kartik.paseto.secuirty; import
dev.paseto.keys.KeyPair; public class
PasetoTokenValidator { public static void main(String[] args) { String signedToken = "...";
// Token from the client // Use the public key to validate the
token KeyPair keyPair = KeyPair.generate();
// Match the signing key Token verifiedToken =
Paseto.V2.SIGN.verify(signedToken, keyPair.getPublicKey()); // Check claims if
(verifiedToken.getExpiration().isBefore(Instant.now())) { throw new
RuntimeException("Token is expired"); } System.out.println("Valid Token:
" + verifiedToken); } } |
3. Authorization Flow
Ø Implement
standard OAuth 2.0 flows (e.g., Authorization Code, Client Credentials).
Ø Replace
JWT logic in token endpoints with PASETO generation and validation.
4. Client Implementation
Clients interact with the Authorization Server using
standard OAuth 2.0 protocols. No modifications are needed for clients as they
consume the tokens in a transparent manner.
5. Tools and Libraries
Ø PASETO
Libraries: Java,
Python, Node.js.
Ø OAuth
Frameworks: Keycloak (custom token providers), Spring Security OAuth2
(custom token store).
To
integrate OAuth 2.0 with PASETO tokens in a Spring Boot project
you need to customize the OAuth 2.0 Authorization Server
(AS) and Resource Server (RS) implementations. Here’s a step-by-step guide:
1. Set Up Your Spring Boot Project
- Dependencies:
Add dependencies for Spring Security, Spring Boot Starter Web, and a
PASETO library (e.g., java-paseto).
pom.xml:
xml
<dependencies> <!-- Spring Security --> <dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId> </dependency> <!-- Spring Web --> <dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <!-- PASETO Library --> <dependency>
<groupId>dev.paseto</groupId>
<artifactId>paseto</artifactId> <version>1.2.0</version> </dependency> </dependencies> |
2. Implement the Authorization Server
The Authorization Server will issue PASETO tokens instead of
JWTs. For this, you’ll need to customize the token generation.
2.1 Generate a PASETO Token
Create a service for generating and signing PASETO tokens.
PasetoTokenService.java:
java
package
com.kartik.paseto.secuirty; import
dev.paseto.Token; import
dev.paseto.keys.KeyPair; import
java.time.Instant; @Service public class
PasetoTokenService { private final KeyPair keyPair =
KeyPair.generate(); public String generateToken(String
subject, String audience, String scope) { Token token =
Paseto.V2.LOCAL.builder() .setSubject(subject) .setAudience(audience)
.setIssuer("https://auth.example.com")
.setExpiration(Instant.now().plusSeconds(3600)) // 1 hour expiry .set("scope",
scope) .build(); return Paseto.V2.SIGN.local(token,
keyPair.getPrivateKey()); } public boolean validateToken(String
token) { try { Paseto.V2.SIGN.verify(token,
keyPair.getPublicKey()); return true; } catch (Exception e) { return false; } } } |
2.2 Customize the OAuth 2.0 Token Endpoint
Override the default OAuth 2.0 token generation to use
PASETO.
AuthorizationServerConfig.java:
java
package
com.kartik.paseto.secuirty; @EnableAuthorizationServer public class
AuthorizationServerConfig extends AuthorizationServerConfigurerAdapter { @Autowired private PasetoTokenService
pasetoTokenService; @Override public void
configure(ClientDetailsServiceConfigurer clients) throws Exception { clients.inMemory()
.withClient("client-id")
.secret("{noop}client-secret")
.authorizedGrantTypes("password", "refresh_token") .scopes("read",
"write"); } @Override public void
configure(AuthorizationServerEndpointsConfigurer endpoints) { endpoints.tokenEnhancer((accessToken,
authentication) -> { String pasetoToken =
pasetoTokenService.generateToken( authentication.getName(), "example-client", String.join(" ",
authentication.getAuthorities().stream()
.map(GrantedAuthority::getAuthority)
.collect(Collectors.toList())) ); ((DefaultOAuth2AccessToken)
accessToken).setValue(pasetoToken); return accessToken; }); } } |
3. Implement the Resource Server
The Resource Server will validate the incoming PASETO
tokens.
ResourceServerConfig.java:
java
package
com.kartik.paseto.secuirty; @EnableResourceServer public class
ResourceServerConfig extends ResourceServerConfigurerAdapter { @Autowired private PasetoTokenService
pasetoTokenService; @Override public void
configure(ResourceServerSecurityConfigurer resources) {
resources.tokenServices(tokenServices()); } @Bean public ResourceServerTokenServices
tokenServices() { return new
ResourceServerTokenServices() { @Override public OAuth2Authentication
loadAuthentication(String accessToken) throws AuthenticationException { if
(!pasetoTokenService.validateToken(accessToken)) { throw new
InvalidTokenException("Invalid token"); } // Extract claims from token
for authentication // Return
OAuth2Authentication based on claims return new
OAuth2Authentication( new
OAuth2Request(null, "client-id", null, true, null, null, null,
null, null), new
UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken("user", null,
AuthorityUtils.createAuthorityList("ROLE_USER")) ); } @Override public OAuth2AccessToken
readAccessToken(String token) { return null; // Not required
for Paseto } }; } } |
4. Test Your OAuth 2.0 with PASETO Integration
4.1 Token Request
Use a REST client (e.g., Postman) to request a token:
Ø URL:
http://localhost:8080/oauth/token
Ø Method:
POST
Ø Headers:
Authorization: Basic <Base64(client-id:client-secret)>
Ø Body
(form-data):
ü
grant_type: password
ü
username: <your-username>
ü
password: <your-password>
4.2 Validate the Token
Send the token in the Authorization header to a protected
endpoint.
Ø URL:
http://localhost:8080/protected-endpoint
Ø Headers:
Authorization: Bearer <paseto-token>
5. Security Enhancements
Ø Use
a secure key management system (e.g., AWS KMS) to store signing keys.
Ø Ensure
proper error handling in token validation logic.
Ø Implement
token revocation mechanisms.
By following these steps, you can integrate OAuth 2.0 with
PASETO tokens in your Spring Boot project. This setup enhances token security
while maintaining compatibility with OAuth 2.0.
Advantages
Ø Enhanced
security with no reliance on insecure algorithms (e.g., none in JWT).
Ø Easier
implementation with reduced room for error.
Ø Compatible
with modern OAuth workflows.
By replacing JWTs with PASETO, you can achieve a more secure
and streamlined token handling mechanism in OAuth 2.0 systems.
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OAuth 2.0 and PASETO |
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